Unit+6

=ED 585 | Integrating Technology into the Curriculum =

Overview[[image:ed585oeb-2012/Fig04-01.gif width="400" height="352" align="right"]]
It is likely that you will need to purchase or make recommendations for purchasing computer equipment during your teaching career. In this unit, you will learn about the components of the system unit, describe how memory stores data, instructions, and information. You will learn about the different types of input and output devices as well as information on what storage media is available. Finally, you will learn some applications for using databases in your classroom.

Objectives
Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to:
 * Describe the system unit
 * Define the term bit, and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data
 * Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions
 * Describe the four types of input and input devices
 * List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various types of keyboards
 * Identify various types of pointing devices
 * Differentiate among the four types of output
 * Identify the different types of output devices
 * Explain the differences among various types of printers
 * Differentiate between storage and memory
 * Identify types of storage media and devices
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Explain how data is stored on 3.5-inch disks, hard disks, CD-ROMs, and DVDs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Differentiate between CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Explain how to create a database document
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">List and describe learning aids and support tools that help you use and learn a database application
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Demonstrate applications for the database in the classroom

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Topic 1. The System Unit
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Define system unit. All desktop personal computers and laptop computers have a system unit. Use the link below to learn about the National Educational Technology Standards for Students (NETS-S) and what kinds of things a student needs to know: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://cnets.iste.org/students/s_stands.html

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Data Representation __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Analog is a representation of data using continuous signals. Digital is representation of data using two discrete states: on and off. Computers are electronic devices powered by electricity and have two states: on or off. The decimal number system uses 10 digits and is based on powers of 10. The binary system is perfect to represent the on-off states of a computer. Several different coding schemes are used on computers. Without basic coding schemes, it would be impossible to combine software and components from different sources. The most widely used coding scheme is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). Use Fig. 2 below to illustrate how coding schemes allow people to communicate with computers. Use the link below for more information about the American

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Standard Code for Information Interchange: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The CPU __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The central processing unit (CPU), also called the processor or microprocessor, is an electronic device on the motherboard that interprets and carries out the instructions that operate a computer. The power of microprocessor chips has grown at an astounding rate. To allow room for the newer, more powerful chips, most chip manufacturers routinely make quarterly cuts in prices. As chips become older and more widely used, prices usually are reduced.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The Control Unit __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The control unit is the component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in a computer. There are four operations of the machine cycle or instruction cycle: fetching, decoding, executing, and storing.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The Arithmetic/Logic Unit __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the CPU component that performs the execution part of the machine cycle; includes performing arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations. Interestingly, the ALU uses some form of addition to perform all arithmetic operations: multiplication is repeated addition, subtraction is addition of the additive inverse (e.g., subtracting 3 is equivalent to adding -3), and division is repeated subtraction.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The System Clock __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">The system clock is a small chip that synchronizes, or controls the timing of, all computer operations. Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes instructions and is measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). One megahertz equates to one million ticks of the system clock in one second and one gigahertz equates to one billion ticks of the system clock in one second. The faster the clock rate, the more rapidly a CPU processes information. Note that the speed of the system clock varies among processors. The number of instructions that are executed in one clock cycle also varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. Therefore, although clock rates are useful when comparing computers made by the same manufacturer, they should not be used when comparing computers made by different manufacturers.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Memory __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Memory is a series of electronic elements on the motherboard that temporarily hold data and instructions while they are being processed by the CPU. Memory stores the operating system, the application software and the data being processed by the application software. Because computers use the binary number system, the actual values for these units are based on powers of 2:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">one kilobyte = 1,024 bytes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">one megabyte = 1,048,576 bytes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">one gigabyte = 1,073,741,824 bytes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">one terabyte = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Random Access Memory (RAM) __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Random access memory (RAM) is volatile memory in which its contents are lost (erased) when a computer's power is turned off. That is why you should save your work frequently. RAM’s volatility, and its ability to be changed, is its most distinguishing characteristic.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Read-Only Memory (ROM) __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile memory that stores information or instructions that do not change; retains its contents even when power to a computer is turned off. Instructions and data are permanently recorded on ROM chips by manufacturers. Unlike RAM, data and programs in ROM can be read but cannot be altered.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Ports and Connectors __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Ports are the point of attachment to the system unit. Ports use different types of connectors that usually are female or male and come in various sizes and shapes. Connectors are devised to be foolproof — each is designed so that it can fit only one type of socket in only one correct position. A USB (universal serial bus) port is a port that connects up to 127 different peripheral devices with a single connector type. A USB 2.0 port is the latest version of a universal serial bus (USB) port that is more advanced and with speeds 40 times faster than the original USB port. A FireWire port is a port that can connect multiple devices that require fast data transmission speeds to a single connector.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Topic 2. What is Input?
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Input is what you enter into the memory of a computer. Of the four operations in the information processing cycle — input, process, output, and storage — input is the operation to which computer users are most closely linked and on which each subsequent action depends. The four types of input are data, program, command and user response. Data is a collection of unorganized facts. A program is a series of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks necessary to process the data into information. Programs are stored on the hard disk, CD-ROM, etc. A command is an instruction given to a computer program and keyword is a special word or phrase that a program understands as an instruction. Keywords are an essential element of command-driven programs, such as DOS. The problem with keywords is that: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">This often makes command-driven programs difficult to use. A user response is when the program asks a question, for example “Do you want to save the changes you made?” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">What Are Input Devices?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">they must be memorized
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">they must be entered (i.e., typed) correctly

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands and user responses into a computer. Your textbook discusses several input devices on pages 165-172.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Some input device links to explore are:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Keyboard <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Alternative Keyboards <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.magicwandkeyboard.com/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">How Digital Cameras Work <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.howstuffworks.com/digital-camera.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">How Scanners Work <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.howstuffworks.com/scanner.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Voice Recognition <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/v/voice_recognition.html

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Topic 3. What are Output Devices?
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Output is the goal of input and processing. It provides the information users need to work and make decisions. Output used by a machine often is an intermediate result. Eventually it will be processed into a form that can be used by people. The four types of output are: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">1) text consists of characters that are used to create words, sentences and paragraphs. Most students who have used computers probably have created some form of text.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">2) graphics are digital representation of non-text information, such as images, drawings, charts, pictures and photographs. Microsoft Paint (included with Windows operating systems) is a scaled-down version of a paint program.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">3) audio is any music, speech or other sound that is stored and produced by the computer. Most PCs come with a small speaker, but some users add higher quality stereo speakers to their systems. Sound Blaster is the standard for computer audio. You may be familiar with audio output from certain cars and vending machines: “Fasten seat belts” or “Please deposit twenty-five cents”.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">4) video consists of photographic images that are played back at speeds that provide the appearance of full motion in real time. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Some output device links to explore are:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Monitors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.learnthenet.com/english/html/06settng.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">How inkjet printers work <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://computer.howstuffworks.com/inkjet-printer.htm

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Topic 4. What Is Storage?
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">It is important to recognize the differences between memory and storage. In general, memory is fast, short-term, and volatile; storage is slower, long-term, and nonvolatile. Like nonvolatile memory, the content of storage also is retained when a computer’s power is turned off. Unlike most nonvolatile memory, however, the contents of storage usually can be erased or changed. Storage refers to the media on which data, instructions and information are kept, as well as the devices that record and retrieve these items. The first computer storage medium was a punched card. Herman Hollerith’s punched card tabulating machine helped complete the 1890 census in just 2½ years (compared to 8 years for the 1880 census) at a savings of more than $5 million. Hollerith later founded the Tabulating Machine Company, which eventually became known as International Business Machines (IBM).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Storage Media and Devices are discussed on pages 181-189 in your textbook. Look at Fig. 3 to see examples of flash memory cards.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Some storage device links to explore are: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Hard Disk <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Disk <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">CD-ROM Drives <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.pcguide.com/ref/cd/index-c.html <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">How DVDs Work <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.howstuffworks.com/dvd.htm

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Topic 5. Databases
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">A Database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval and use of that data. Although most spreadsheet packages can manage data tables of a few thousand records, database software can handle much larger data tables efficiently. A database file is a collection of related data organized in records. A record is a collection of fields (related facts) in a database. A field is a collection of related facts in a database

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">An example of how athletes use a database can be viewed at: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.stevenscreek.com/tad.shtml <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">There is a database tutorial at @http://www.quackit.com/database/tutorial/ and one at @http://dotatmac.mcmaster.ca/db_basics/db_01_home.htm

//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Other educational uses for databases //

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Besides using databases for recordkeeping, there are other ways you can use databases in your classroom. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">“Integrating technology into instruction by using technological tools to support learning activities gives learners opportunities to develop technology skills and experiences in contexts that are similar to those in which technology is used outside the classroom. The skills gained, particularly around the meaningful use of everyday technology applications, can be transferred to other settings such as the workplace.”

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Taken from Integrating Technology into Adult Learning by Lynda Ginsburg. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">It has been shown that technology can improve student academic performance when the application is integrated into the typical instruction day. Take a look at what the research says at: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://caret.iste.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=evidence&answerID=4

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">I’ve compiled a list of websites below which will give you some ideas on integrating the database into your classroom. If you know any others which you would like to share, please email me through WebCT mail.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Microsoft Lesson Plans using Databases (under Product, search for Access) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.microsoft.com/education/LessonPlans.mspx <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Microsoft Access Tutorials (under Product, search for Access) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.microsoft.com/education/Tutorials.mspx

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Thinkfinity - do a search on databases

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">[|http://thinkfinity.org/]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Creating and Using a Database in the Classroom <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.internet4classrooms.com/database.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Using Computer Databases in the Classroom <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.teach-nology.com/tutorials/databases/print.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Classroom Activities <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/nature-online/dino-directory/ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Nellie’s English Projects <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.nelliemuller.com/Databaseandspreadsheetsintheclassroom.htm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Technology Tools in the Classroom <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://theresaoverall.org/mywork/tlo/Reno2006/fp8/index.html <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Technology Integration as a Transforming Teaching Strategy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.techlearning.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=17701367 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Search Kathy Schrock’s Lesson Plans for some ideas <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Discussions **
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Respond to the class wiki: //Classroom Observation & Webcams// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">@http://www.techterms.com/definition/webcam

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Chances are that you have been evaluated or done a self evaluation using a video/digital camera of some nature. Almost every aspect of society is being captured in some way through reality television and Webcams. However, it may not be long until everything we do in the classroom is captured on video for viewing by the public. Several politicians have even made proposals for creating pilot programs that involve wiring every classroom in a handful of schools with Internet-connected video and audio equipment, i.e. Webcams. The connection would allow parents to log on to the World Wide Web using a computer or smartphone and then watch their children real time in their classes; similar to the way parents can watch their kids at a childcare center. How would you feel about having every moment of your school day broadcast live online via Webcams? What problems and/or benefits do you foresee with using a Webcam in the classroom? What about safety concerns?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Assignments
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">A database is an integrated collection of logically related data that is organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. In a database you can sort, search and retrieve a wide variety of information about content material. One such database is Wikipedia. Educators often use databases such as ERIC or Thinkfinity or some other educationally appropriate database to search for lesson information. If your professional position is other than a classroom teacher, you may search educational databases for content appropriate to your area of certification.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">Using Thinkfinity ([] ) ([|click here] //for information on using Thinfinity in your classroom//), search for 3 lessons that you can use with your class/professional position. Include the name of the lesson plan/planning document, the subject area, resource type (Thinkfinity, Discovery, etc.), grade level, and content partner (Illuminations, NCTM, etc.) or equivalent information. Also include in your lesson information on the standards alignment, a short overview of each lesson and other links that may be available for the lesson. If you are not researching lessons you must still present a short overview of the lessons and other links that may be available.

__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">File Submissions __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">When submitting a file, use the unit number and your first or last name. **Example**: Unit6Dowd or Unit6Cathy. Upload your document to the class wiki in the "Projects" navigation pane. Use the appropriate table.